A format model is a character literal that describes the format of datetime or numeric data stored in a character string. A format model does not change the internal representation of the value in the database.
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When you convert a character string into a date or number, a format model determines how the database interprets the string. In SQL, you can use a format model as an argument of the TO_CHAR and TO_DATE functions to format a value to be returned from the database or to format a value to be stored in the database.
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The following statement selects the salaries of the employees in Department 80 and uses the TO_CHAR function to convert these salaries into character values with the format specified by the number format model '$99,990.99':
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CopySQL> SELECT last_name employee, TO_CHAR(salary, '$99,990.99') AS "SALARY"
2 FROM employees
3 WHERE department_id = 80 AND last_name = 'Russell';
EMPLOYEE SALARY
------------------------- -----------
Russell $14,000.00
The following example updates a hire date using the TO_DATE function with the format mask 'YYYY MM DD' to convert the string '1998 05 20' to a DATE value:
CopySQL> UPDATE employees
2 SET hire_date = TO_DATE('1998 05 20','YYYY MM DD')
3 WHERE last_name = 'Hunold';