Start an instance without mounting a database.

• Run the STARTUP command with the NOMOUNT clause.

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Typically, you do this only during database creation or while performing maintenance on the database. In this example, because the initialization parameter file or server parameter file is stored in the default location, you are not required to specify the PFILE clause:

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Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement

To create the new database, use the CREATE DATABASE statement.

• Run the CREATE DATABASE statement.

Step 10: Create Additional Tablespaces

To make the database functional, you must create additional tablespaces for your application data.

• Run the CREATE TABLESPACE statement to create additional tablespaces.

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Step 11: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views

Run the scripts necessary to build data dictionary views, synonyms, and PL/SQL packages, and to support proper functioning of SQL*Plus.

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Hybrid Columnar Compression uses a logical construct called a compression unit to store a set of rows.

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When you load data into a table, the database stores groups of rows in columnar format, with the values for each column stored and compressed together. After the database has compressed the column data for a set of rows, the database fits the data into the compression unit.

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For example, you apply Hybrid Columnar Compression to a daily_sales table. At the end of every day, you populate the table with items and the number sold, with the item ID and date forming a composite primary key. The following table shows a subset of the rows in daily_sales.

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Table 2-2 Sample Table daily_sales

Item_ID	Date	Num_Sold	Shipped_From	Restock
1000	01-JUN-18	2	WAREHOUSE1	Y
1001	01-JUN-18	0	WAREHOUSE3	N
1002	01-JUN-18	1	WAREHOUSE3	N
1003	01-JUN-14	0	WAREHOUSE2	N
1004	01-JUN-18	2	WAREHOUSE1	N
1005	01-JUN-18	1	WAREHOUSE2	N

Assume that this subset of rows is stored in one compression unit. Hybrid Columnar Compression stores the values for each column together, and then uses multiple algorithms to compress each column. The database chooses the algorithms based on a variety of factors, including the data type of the column, the cardinality of the actual values in the column, and the compression level chosen by the user.

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As shown in the following graphic, each compression unit can span multiple data blocks. The values for a particular column may or may not span multiple blocks.

Figure 2-4 Compression Unit
Description of “Figure 2-4 Compression Unit”

If Hybrid Columnar Compression does not lead to space savings, then the database stores the data in the DBMS_COMPRESSION.COMP_BLOCK format. In this case, the database applies OLTP compression to the blocks, which reside in a Hybrid Columnar Compression segment.

Start SQL*Plus and connect to your Oracle Database instance with the SYSDBA administrative privilege.

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• To authenticate with a password file, enter the following commands, and then enter the SYS password when prompted: $ sqlplus /nolog SQL> CONNECT SYS AS SYSDBA
• To authenticate with operating system authentication, enter the following commands: $ sqlplus /nolog SQL> CONNECT / AS SYSDBA

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Step 7: Create a Server Parameter File

The server parameter file enables you to change initialization parameters with the ALTER SYSTEM command and persist the changes across a database shutdown and startup. You create the server parameter file from your edited text initialization file.

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This SQL*Plus command reads the text initialization parameter file (PFILE) with the default name from the default location, creates a server parameter file (SPFILE) from the text initialization parameter file, and writes the SPFILE to the default location with the default SPFILE name.

You can also supply the file name and path for both the PFILE and SPFILE if you are not using default names and locations.

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If your underlying storage supports Hybrid Columnar Compression, then you can specify different types of compression, depending on your requirements.

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The compression options are:

• Warehouse compressionThis type of compression is optimized to save storage space, and is intended for data warehouse applications.
• Archive compressionThis type of compression is optimized for maximum compression levels, and is intended for historical data and data that does not change.

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Hybrid Columnar Compression is optimized for data warehousing and decision support applications on Oracle Exadata storage. Oracle Exadata maximizes the performance of queries on tables that are compressed using Hybrid Columnar Compression, taking advantage of the processing power, memory, and Infiniband network bandwidth that are integral to the Oracle Exadata storage server.

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Other Oracle storage systems support Hybrid Columnar Compression, and deliver the same space savings as on Oracle Exadata storage, but do not deliver the same level of query performance. For these storage systems, Hybrid Columnar Compression is ideal for in-database archiving of older data that is infrequently accessed.

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On the Windows platform, before you can connect to an instance, you must manually create it if it does not already exist. The ORADIM command creates an Oracle Database instance by creating a new Windows service.

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To create an instance:

• Enter the following command at a Windows command prompt: oradim -NEW -SID sid -STARTMODE MANUAL -PFILE file

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Replace the following placeholders with appropriate values:

• sid – The desired SID (for example mynewdb)
• file – The full path to the text initialization parameter file

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Most Oracle Database services log on to the system using the privileges of the Oracle Home User. The service runs with the privileges of this user. The ORADIM command prompts you for the password to this user account. You can specify other options using ORADIM.

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When an Oracle instance starts, it reads an initialization parameter file. This file can be a text file, which can be created and modified with a text editor, or a binary file, which is created and dynamically modified by the database. The binary file, which is preferred, is called a server parameter file. In this step, you create a text initialization parameter file. In a later step, you create a server parameter file from the text file.

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• Create the initialization parameter file.

One way to create the text initialization parameter file is to edit the sample presented in “Sample Initialization Parameter File”.

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If you create the initialization parameter file manually, ensure that it contains at least the parameters listed in Table 2-2. All other parameters not listed have default values.

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For convenience, store your initialization parameter file in the Oracle Database default location, using the default file name. Then when you start your database, it will not be necessary to specify the PFILE clause of the STARTUP command, because Oracle Database automatically looks in the default location for the initialization parameter file.

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You must be authenticated and granted appropriate system privileges in order to create a database.

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• Decide on an authentication method.

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You can be authenticated as an administrator with the required privileges in the following ways:

• With a password file
• With operating system authentication

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To be authenticated with a password file, create the password file as described in “Creating and Maintaining a Database Password File”. To be authenticated with operating system authentication, ensure that you log in to the host computer with a user account that is a member of the appropriate operating system user group. On the UNIX and Linux platforms, for example, this is typically the dba user group. On the Windows platform, the user installing the Oracle software is automatically placed in the required user group.

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With Hybrid Columnar Compression, the database stores the same column for a group of rows together. The data block does not store data in row-major format, but uses a combination of both row and columnar methods.

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Storing column data together, with the same data type and similar characteristics, dramatically increases the storage savings achieved from compression. The database compresses data manipulated by any SQL operation, although compression levels are higher for direct path loads. Database operations work transparently against compressed objects, so no application changes are required.

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Note

Hybrid Column Compression and In-Memory Column Store (IM column store) are closely related. The primary difference is that Hybrid Column Compression optimizes disk storage, whereas the IM column store optimizes memory storage.

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See also

“In-Memory Area” to learn more about the IM column store

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The ORACLE_SID environment variable is used to distinguish this instance from other Oracle Database instances that you may create later and run concurrently on the same host computer.

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1. Decide on a unique Oracle system identifier (SID) for your instance.
2. Open a command window.
3. Set the ORACLE_SID environment variable. Restrictions related to the valid characters in an ORACLE_SID are platform-specific. On some platforms, the SID is case-sensitive.

Step 2: Ensure That the Required Environment Variables Are Set

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Depending on your platform, before you can start SQL*Plus (as required in a later step), you may have to set environment variables, or at least verify that they are set properly.

• Set required environment variables.

For example, on most platforms, ORACLE_SID and ORACLE_HOME must be set. In addition, it is advisable to set the PATH variable to include the ORACLE_HOME/bin directory. On the UNIX and Linux platforms, you must set these environment variables manually.

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On the Windows platform, OUI automatically assigns values to ORACLE_HOME and ORACLE_SID in the Windows registry. If you did not create a database upon installation, OUI does not set ORACLE_SID in the registry, and you will have to set the ORACLE_SID environment variable when you create your database later.

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The database can use table compression to reduce the amount of storage required for the table.

Compression saves disk space, reduces memory use in the database buffer cache, and in some cases speeds query execution. Table compression is transparent to database applications.

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Basic Table Compression and Advanced Row Compression

Dictionary-based table compression provides good compression ratios for heap-organized tables.

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Oracle Database supports the following types of dictionary-based table compression:

• Basic table compressionThis type of compression is intended for bulk load operations. The database does not compress data modified using conventional DML. You must use direct path INSERT operations, ALTER TABLE . . . MOVE operations, or online table redefinition to achieve basic table compression.
• Advanced row compressionThis type of compression is intended for OLTP applications and compresses data manipulated by any SQL operation. The database achieves a competitive compression ratio while enabling the application to perform DML in approximately the same amount of time as DML on an uncompressed table.

For the preceding types of compression, the database stores compressed rows in row major format. All columns of one row are stored together, followed by all columns of the next row, and so on. The database replaces duplicate values with a short reference to a symbol table stored at the beginning of the block. Thus, information that the database needs to re-create the uncompressed data is stored in the data block itself.

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Compressed data blocks look much like normal data blocks. Most database features and functions that work on regular data blocks also work on compressed blocks.

You can declare compression at the tablespace, table, partition, or subpartition level. If specified at the tablespace level, then all tables created in the tablespace are compressed by default.

Example 2-4 Table-Level Compression

The following statement applies advanced row compression to the orders table:

CopyALTER TABLE oe.orders ROW STORE COMPRESS ADVANCED;

Example 2-5 Partition-Level Compression

The following example of a partial CREATE TABLE statement specifies advanced row compression for one partition and basic table compression for the other partition:

CopyCREATE TABLE sales (
    prod_id     NUMBER     NOT NULL,
    cust_id     NUMBER     NOT NULL, ... )
 PCTFREE 5 NOLOGGING NOCOMPRESS
 PARTITION BY RANGE (time_id)
 ( partition sales_2013 VALUES LESS THAN(TO_DATE(...)) ROW STORE COMPRESS BASIC,
   partition sales_2014 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE) ROW STORE COMPRESS ADVANCED );

See also

• “Row Format” to learn how values are stored in a row
• “Data Block Compression” to learn about the format of compressed data blocks
• “SQL*Loader” to learn about using SQL*Loader for direct path loads
• Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide and Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide to learn about table compression

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