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  • Rowid Data Types

    Every row stored in the database has an address. Oracle Database uses a ROWID data type to store the address (rowid) of every row in the database.

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    Rowids fall into the following categories:

    A data type called the universal rowid, or urowid, supports all types of rowids.

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  • About Creating a Database with Noninteractive/Silent DBCA

    You can create a database using the noninteractive/silent mode of Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA).

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    See the following documentation for details on using the noninteractive/silent mode of DBCA:

    • DBCA Examples
      Examples illustrate how to create a database with noninteractive/silent mode of Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA).
    DBCA Examples

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    Examples illustrate how to create a database with noninteractive/silent mode of Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA).

    To ensure completely silent operation, you can redirect stdout to a file. If you do this, however, you must supply passwords for the administrative accounts in command-line arguments or the response file.

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    For more detailed argument information, including defaults, view the response file template found on your distribution media. Appendix A of your platform installation guide provides the name and location of this file.

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  • TIMESTAMP Data Type

    The TIMESTAMP data type is an extension of the DATE data type.

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    TIMESTAMP stores fractional seconds in addition to the information stored in the DATE data type. The TIMESTAMP data type is useful for storing precise time values, such as in applications that must track event order.

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    The DATETIME data types TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE and TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE are time-zone aware. When a user selects the data, the value is adjusted to the time zone of the user session. This data type is useful for collecting and evaluating date information across geographic regions.

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    See also

    Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for details about the syntax of creating and entering data in time stamp columns

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  • About Creating a Database with DBCA

    Oracle strongly recommends using the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) to create a database, because it is a more automated approach, and your database is ready to use when DBCA completes.

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    DBCA can be launched by the Oracle Universal Installer (OUI), depending upon the type of install that you select. You can also launch DBCA as a standalone tool at any time after Oracle Database installation.

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    You can run DBCA in interactive mode or noninteractive/silent mode. Interactive mode provides a graphical interface and guided workflow for creating and configuring a database. Noninteractive/silent mode enables you to script database creation. You can run DBCA in noninteractive/silent mode by specifying command-line arguments, a response file, or both.

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    About Creating a Database with Interactive DBCA

    The easiest way to create a database is with Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA).

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  • Prerequisites for Database Creation

    To ensure that your Oracle Database is created successfully, review database prerequisites.

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    Before you can create a new database, the following prerequisites must be met:

    • The desired Oracle software must be installed. This includes setting various environment variables unique to your operating system and establishing the directory structure for software and database files.
    • Sufficient memory must be available to start the Oracle Database instance.
    • Sufficient disk storage space must be available for the planned database on the computer that runs Oracle Database.

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    All of these are discussed in the Oracle Database Installation Guide specific to your operating system. If you use the Oracle Universal Installer, it will guide you through your installation and provide help in setting environment variables and establishing directory structure and authorizations.

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    Creating a Database with DBCA

    Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) is a tool for creating and configuring an Oracle database.

    • About Creating a Database with DBCA
      Oracle strongly recommends using the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) to create a database, because it is a more automated approach, and your database is ready to use when DBCA completes.
    • About Creating a Database with Interactive DBCA
      The easiest way to create a database is with Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA).
    • About Creating a Database with Noninteractive/Silent DBCA
      You can create a database using the noninteractive/silent mode of Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA).

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  • Datetime Data Types

    The datetime data types are DATE and TIMESTAMP. Oracle Database provides comprehensive time zone support for time stamps.

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    DATE Data Type

    The DATE data type stores date and time. Although datetimes can be represented in character or number data types, DATE has special associated properties.

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    The database stores dates internally as numbers. Dates are stored in fixed-length fields of 7 bytes each, corresponding to century, year, month, day, hour, minute, and second.

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    Note

    Dates fully support arithmetic operations, so you add to and subtract from dates just as you can with numbers.

    The database displays dates according to the specified format model. A format model is a character literal that describes the format of a datetime in a character string. The standard date format is DD-MON-RR, which displays dates in the form 01-JAN-11.

    RR is similar to YY (the last two digits of the year), but the century of the return value varies according to the specified two-digit year and the last two digits of the current year. Assume that in 1999 the database displays 01-JAN-11. If the date format uses RR, then 11 specifies 2011, whereas if the format uses YY, then 11 specifies 1911. You can change the default date format at both the database instance and session level.

    Oracle Database stores time in 24-hour format—HH:MI:SS. If no time portion is entered, then by default the time in a date field is 00:00:00 A.M. In a time-only entry, the date portion defaults to the first day of the current month.

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  • About Configuring an Oracle Home in Read-Only Mode

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    Starting with Oracle Database 18c, you can configure an Oracle home in read-only mode. A read-only Oracle home prevents creation as well as modification of files inside the Oracle home directory ORACLE_HOME. A read-only Oracle home can be used as a software image for simplifying patching and mass rollout of software across multiple database servers.

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    A traditional read-write Oracle home contains instance-specific files. However, when the Oracle home is read-only, instance-specific files are stored separately in the Oracle base directory ORACLE_BASE. Therefore, a read-only Oracle home can be used as a software image that can be shared across multiple database servers, as it stores only the static files. This simplifies patching and mass rollout as only one Oracle home image needs to be updated to distribute a patch to multiple database servers.

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    Apart from the traditional ORACLE_BASE and ORACLE_HOME directories, the following additional directories exist in a read-only Oracle home:

    • ORACLE_BASE_HOME: This is a subdirectory within the ORACLE_BASE directory. This directory contains user-specific files, instance-specific files, and log files.
    • ORACLE_BASE_CONFIG: This directory is same as the ORACLE_BASE directory. This directory contains instance-specific dynamic files, such as configuration files.

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  • Floating-Point Numbers

    Oracle Database provides two numeric data types exclusively for floating-point numbers: BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE.

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    These types support all of the basic functionality provided by the NUMBER data type. However, whereas NUMBER uses decimal precision, BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE use binary precision, which enables faster arithmetic calculations and usually reduces storage requirements.

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    BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE are approximate numeric data types. They store approximate representations of decimal values, rather than exact representations. For example, the value 0.1 cannot be exactly represented by either BINARY_DOUBLE or BINARY_FLOAT. They are frequently used for scientific computations. Their behavior is similar to the data types FLOAT and DOUBLE in Java and XMLSchema.

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    See also

    Oracle Database SQL Language Reference to learn about precision, scale, and other characteristics of numeric types

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  • About Selecting a Character Set

    It is important to select the right character set for your database. Oracle recommends AL32UTF8 as the database character set.

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    AL32UTF8 is Oracle’s name for the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode standard. The Unicode standard is the universal character set that supports most of the currently spoken languages of the world. The use of the Unicode standard is indispensable for any multilingual technology, including database processing.

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    After a database is created and accumulates production data, changing the database character set is a time consuming and complex project. Therefore, it is very important to select the right character set at installation time. Even if the database does not currently store multilingual data but is expected to store multilingual data within a few years, the choice of AL32UTF8 for the database character set is usually the only good decision. The universality and flexibility of Unicode typically outweighs some additional cost associated with it, such as slightly slower text processing compared to single-byte character sets and higher storage space requirements for non-ASCII text compared to non-Unicode character sets.

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    If you do not want to use AL32UTF8, and you are not restricted in your choice by a vendor requirement, then Oracle suggests that you use one of the character sets listed as recommended for the database. The recommended character sets were selected based on the requirements of modern client operating systems. Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) presents the recommended list only, and Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) must be used separately to choose a non-recommended character set. In addition, the default database creation configuration in DBCA allows the selection of the recommended character sets only. You must use the advanced configuration mode of DBCA or the CREATE DATABASE statement to select a non-recommended character set.

    If no character set choice is presented in an OUI or a DBCA installation mode, then AL32UTF8 is used as the database character set, unless a custom database template with another character set has been selected.

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  • About Creating an Oracle Database

    You typically create a database during Oracle Database software installation. However, you can also create a database after installation.

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    Reasons to create a database after installation are as follows:

    • You used Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) to install software only, and did not create a database.
    • You want to create another database (and database instance) on the same host computer as an existing Oracle database. In this case, this chapter assumes that the new database uses the same Oracle home as the existing database. You can also create the database in a new Oracle home by running OUI again.
    • You want to make a copy of (clone) a database.

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    The specific methods for creating a database are:

    • With Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA), a graphical tool.See “Creating a Database with DBCA”
    • With the CREATE DATABASE SQL statement.See “Creating a Database with the CREATE DATABASE Statement”

    Considerations Before Creating the Database

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    Database creation prepares several operating system files to work together as an Oracle Database. You only need to create a database once, regardless of how many data files it has or how many instances access it. You can create a database to erase information in an existing database and create a new database with the same name and physical structure.

    • Planning for Database Creation
      Prepare to create the database by research and careful planning.
    • About Selecting a Character Set
      It is important to select the right character set for your database. Oracle recommends AL32UTF8 as the database character set.
    • About Configuring an Oracle Home in Read-Only Mode
      Starting with Oracle Database 18c, you can configure an Oracle home in read-only mode. A read-only Oracle home prevents creation as well as modification of files inside the Oracle home directory ORACLE_HOME. A read-only Oracle home can be used as a software image for simplifying patching and mass rollout of software across multiple database servers.
    • Prerequisites for Database Creation
      To ensure that your Oracle Database is created successfully, review database prerequisites.

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